DEFINITION
Discuss about Khilafat Movement
In the First world war, Turkey lost the war. Britain removed the powers of Sultan of Turkey. The Sultan of Turkey was the head of the Muslims throughout the world. The Khilafat Movement was organized by the Ali brothers- Mohammed Ali and Shaukat Ali. The Khilafat leaders put pressure upon the British government to give better treatment to Turkey. Through this demand, Muslims were drawn into the national movement in large numbers.'Khilafat Day' was observed on October 17, 1919, on an all-India scale.
SHORTCUT
Rowlatt Act, 1919
Rowlatt Act was officially known as the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act, 1919. It was passed in March 1919 by the Imperial Legislative Council. This act authorised the British government to arrest anybody suspected of terrorist activities. It also authorised the government to detain such people arrested for up to 2 years without trial. It empowered the police to search a place without a warrant.
DEFINITION
Jalianwala Bagh tragedy
A large but peaceful crowd gathered at the Jalianwala Bagh in Amritsar on April 13, 1919, to protest against the arrest of Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlu and Dr. Satya Pal. Jalianwala Bagh had only one exit and its other three sides were enclosed by buildings. General Dyer surrounded the Bagh with his soldiers and ordered them to shoot at the crowd. About one thousand innocent demonstrators were killed in this massacre.
DEFINITION
Discuss the activities during non-cooperation movement
The nation enthusiastically responded to the call of Gandhiji. Many Indians returned their titles, degrees, awards and honours. Thousands of Indians left their government jobs. The use of Swadeshi and Khadi became popular.
DEFINITION
Formation of Swaraj Party
In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement. He felt the movement was turning violent in many places and satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggles. Within the Congress, some leaders were by now tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate in elections to the provincial councils that had been set up by the Government of India Act of 1919. They felt that it was important to oppose British policies within the councils, argue for reform and also demonstrate that these councils were not truly democratic. C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress to argue for a return to council politics
SHORTCUT
Explain the factors leading up to civil disobedience movement
The circumstances that led to the Civil Disobedience Movement were the following:
i) Simon Commission: It was an all-British Commission appointed in November 1927 to investigate the need for further constitutional reform. The absence of Indians was seen as an insult to the self-respect of Indians and they decided to boycott the Commission.
ii) Demand for Poorna Swaraj: The British government did not accept the Nehru Report and the Congress passed the Poorna Swaraj resolution at its Lahore session in 1929.
DEFINITION
Discuss about Simon Commission
In November 1927, the British government appointed the Indian Statutory Commission, popularly known as the Simon Commission to investigate the need for further constitutional reforms. The Commission was composed of seven British members of Parliament. It had no Indian member. This was seen as a violation of the principle of self-determination and a deliberate insult to the self-respect of the Indians. Hence, Indians boycotted the Commission.
SHORTCUT
Recommendations of the Simon Commission
Main recommendations of the Simon Commission were:
i) Dyarchy should be abolished.
ii) Provincial Legislative Councils should be enlarged.
iii) Federal government at the Centre should embrace not only British India but also the Princely States.
iv) The Governor-General should select and appoint members of his Cabinet.
v) The Communal representation was to continue.
SHORTCUT
Nehru Report
The report submitted by the All Parties Conference is known as the Nehru Report. The Report mainly dealt with finding a solution to the communal problem. It favoured Dominion Status for India.
DEFINITION
Declaration of Poorna Swaraj
Jawaharlal Nehru was made the President of the Congress at the historic Lahore session of 1929. It passed a resolution declaring Poorna Swaraj (complete independence) to be the objective of the Congress. It was decided to observe January 26, as the Day of Independence every year.
DEFINITION
Explain Dandi March
On March 12, 1930 Mahatma Gandhi began the historic march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a village on the Gujarat sea coast. A number of people followed him. On the morning of 6th April, Gandhiji violated the Salt Laws at Dandi by picking up some salt left by the seawaves. Gandhiji's breaking of the Salt Laws marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
DEFINITION
Round table conferences during Civil Disobedience Movement
The Indian Round Table Conference held three sessions which are also referred to as the first, second and third Round Table Conferences. The First Round Table Conference was held in London. The Second Round Table Conference was attended by Gandhiji as a sole representative of the Congress according to the terms of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. The Third Conference was convened in 1932 but the Congress boycotted it.
DEFINITION
Explain the impact of the Civil Disobedience Movement
It shattered people's faith in the British government. It revived the will to fight the elections. It deepened the social roots for the freedom struggle. It popularised new methods of propaganda like the Prabhat Pheris, pamphlets, etc.
DEFINITION
Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar's contribution
Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar had succeeded in getting separate electorates for the Dalits through the Communal Award declared by the British Prime Minister Ramsay Mcdonald. Gandhiji opposed this Communal Award and began his fast unto death in the Yerwada prison. The Congress leaders appealed to Dr Ambedkar to reconsider his demand. Dr Ambedkar accepted this request and a pact was concluded between him and Gandhiji which is known as the 'Pune Pact'.
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